This article, devoted to the analysis of parts of speech in the works of Makhmud Zamakhshari, addresses the question of conjugation of verbs in the last chapter named “Tasrifu-l-af’al” of the book “Mukaddamatu-l-adab”. The article emphasizes that the verb is an important part of speech in Arabic, that it is impossible to master the grammatical rules and categories without knowing its morphological features, that some parts of speech, especially masdars, the degrees of adjectives are formed from verbal roots. In “Mukaddamatu-l-Adab” was written that verbs in Arabic are divided into verbs with three and four roots and the majority are the verbs with three roots. Verbs with four roots, as well as verbs with three roots, lean with the help of those suffixes and prefixes. In the formation of the present tense forms, imperative forms, masdars, participles are also based on the same rules as for three-verbs.Makhmud Zamakhshari, defining the doubled verbs as verbs in the three-root group, in which the second and third roots consist of the same letter, emphasizes that the hamza is a “healthy” letter, not defective, and because of its complex pronunciation it is either changed with another letter or sometimes it is missed when pronounced and this provides ease of pronunciation. The question of writing hamza and its spelling has always been a difficult question of the language.
Since Zamakhshari created his work for the quick study of Arabic and its grammar by non-Arab people, he did not go deeply into the essence of some difficult questions of Arabic language. The scientist notices that ings are added to the verbs of the actual voice gives samples conjugation of regular verbs in the past tense, and says that all regular verbs and verbs that are similar to regular verbs are conjugated in the above order.
In his work, Zamahshari gave a sample of the conjugations of the verbs of the passive voice and examples of adding personal endings to such verbs, as well as conjugations of regular verbs, and verbs
similar to regular verbs, empty and defective verbs. The scholar’s work not only gave conjugation of verbs, but also provided exceptions to the rules, it also highlighted a separate chapter in the interpretation of the imperative form in Arabic. The work contains information that the formation of an imperative form from
verbs of the present-future tense. The article emphasizes that the verbs of surprise are formed only from the first chapter of the three-root verbs, that such forms are not formed from verbs expressing physical imperfection. Ways of expressing astonishment from doubled and defective verbs are commented.
Regarding the verb conjugation, which is devoted to the chapter on the study of infinitives (masdar), the author dwells on the names of actions, ways of forming masdars from empty verbs, gives definition to real and passive participles, gives examples of their formation. This chapter provides information on the formation of real and passive participles from the derived chapters and four-root verbs, an interpretation of the adjective forms of the excellent and comparative degrees.
This article is devoted to a review of the study of verbs of visual perception in Turkish and English. Turkish verbs of visual perception were considered mainly in the composition of verbs of perception. This made it possible to discover a number of common properties inherent in all perceptual verbs, including the verbs of visual perception, and to correlate the verbs of visual perception with other semantic classes within this system. The efforts of the researchers were mainly aimed at creating classifications of verbs of perception according to the type of perception designated by them or by meaning. In the semantics of these verbs, researchers intuitively distinguish two aspects: perceptual and mental, which in real analysis are either mixed and not differentiated, or contrasted as completely autonomous entities and are considered separately. However, with all the differences in points of view, it should be noted that there are common points in the classifications of these verbs in both perceptual and mental meanings. Because of this, issues of paramount importance remain unresolved, in particular: questions on the list of verbs that belong to the class of perceptual ones, including verbs of visual perception, criteria for distinguishing them from other semantic classes of verbs, definition of a unified terminological apparatus for description. The history of studying English verbs of visual perception is extensive and includes a large number of multidirectional studies. These verbs were examined in more detail in Ake Viberg's monograph. All subsequent works devoted to these verbs and made on the material of various languages, to one degree or another, are based on those provisions that A.Viberg formulated. An analysis of the works allows us to see the following approaches to the study of these verbs: comparative, system-structural, linguo-pragmatic. As a rule, in studies devoted to the comparative analysis of the English verbs of visual perception and their correspondences in other languages, the English language acts as a standard, and the material of other languages is examined and evaluated against its background. In this case, the structure of these verbs, semantic potential and functioning in certain types of texts are examined. The works devoted to the system-structural analysis of the verbs of visual perception are aimed at studying systemic connections, both in terms of form and content, as well as the nature of their compatibility. In later works, these verbs were studied in the framework of linguo-pragmatic analysis carried out on the material of various types of texts.
This article analyzes the phonetic changes of verbs with "weak" letters in the Arabic language, the expression of this phenomenon in written speech. It is also studied the coverage of the topic of "weak" letter verbs in the scientific works of classical and modern Arabic and Uzbek grammar scholars. It is based on the goal of language learners to develop the skills to apply the "weak" letter verbs in different places. Methods of description, comparison, analysis, component analysis were used in the study. In Arabic grammar, the letters “alif – ا ”, “vav – و ” and “ya –
ي ” are called " ةَّلِع ُفوُرُح " – weak letters, and verbs with weak letters are called weak verbs. The two letters “vav – و ” and “ya – ي ” are also used to denote semi-vowel sounds. The fact that the letters “vav – و ” and "ya - ي " fall in many places or are replaced by one another (usually the alphabet) is caused by three different changes: kalb (exchange), taskin (turn into a closed joint), hazf (dropping out the letter). Given that "weak" letter verbs play an important role in the lexicon of the Arabic language, it is important for language learners to develop the skills to use such verbs correctly in practice and in the use of dictionary books. On the basis of his works, an in-depth and comprehensive study of the examples of classical and modern literature remains an
important issue.
This article briefly describes the set of verbs in Arabic and Uzbek, its study by linguists, comparative lexical-semantic analysis of action verbs in both languages. In the study of the lexical-semantic relations of action verbs in Arabic language, special attention should be paid to aspects related to the meaning of verbs, such as synonyms and antonyms between them. Among the verbs of action in Arabic, there are many verbs that have polysemantic meanings, and sometimes they are used in their original meaning, and sometimes in other meanings as well. The meaning of these verbs also depends on the event or situation to which they are related. While the original, original meaning of the verb is mainly related to the normal state of the subject, other meanings serve to express his emotional state. During study of lexical-semantic relations related to action verbs in Arabic, special attention should be paid to which prepositions these verbs come with, because a particular action verb depends on whether the object to which the action is directed is animate or inanimate may require a different preposition. In synonymous relations, the verbs of action differ according to the extent to which the action lasted, for what purpose it was performed, or by what means it was performed. There are similarities and differences in the expression of the verb "to come" in Uzbek and in Arabic. In Uzbek, the main semantic of this action verb is quite simple, but the content is almost identical to the Arabic lexeme "to come". In Uzbek, this verb requires that the object to which it is directed come mainly in the infinitive, place-time, exit, and direction verbs, while in Arabic they are represented by a preposition giving the meaning of an infinitive or a definite conjunction. In expressing some of the meanings of the verb "to come" in the Uzbek language, it is necessary to use their Arabic alternative, and in some cases, the meanings of this verb in the Uzbek language. in Arabic it is also expressed by the verb "to come", but in this case it is necessary to choose a verb that expresses the expected meaning from the synonymous verbs that mean "to come" in Arabic.
The purpose of the study was to determine and evaluate the features of morphological changes in the liver parenchyma of 5-month-old white outbred rats under the influence of anti inflammatory drugs under conditions of polypharmacy.
The object of study for experimental studies was taken 250 white male rats weighing 200-250 g.
The scientific novelty of the research is as follows: polypharmacy of anti-inflammatory drugs negatively affects all parameters of liver structures. Under the influence of polypharmacy, there is a decrease in the absolute mass of the liver, volume and morphological parameters of the liver parenchyma. The decrease in morphometric parameters depends on the number of drugs in polypharmacy; under conditions of polypharmacy, the state of the hepatic capillaries and internal bile ducts, as well as biological membranes, was studied, as a result of which the structural structure of the liver, the development of destruction of the hepatic tissue were studied, and the morphofunctional foundations of this condition were shown.
Implementation of the research results. Based on the obtained scientific results, the morphofunctional characteristics of the liver of rats in the norm and under the influence of polypharmacy were determined:
Approved methodological recommendations: "Methodology for determining the morphometric parameters of the liver during polypharmacy of anti-inflammatory drugs" (Conclusion No. 8n-r / 265 dated 14.03.2022 of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan) and "Methodology for determining the morphometric parameters of the liver during polypharmacy of anti-inflammatory drugs" (Uzbekistan, Conclusion of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. 8 n-z 180 of 2022), electronic program No. DGU 1038 "Program for studying the comparative characteristics of morphological changes caused by polypharmacy in the liver."
The scientific results obtained in the study of morphological and functional properties and morphometric changes in the structure of the liver under the influence of polypharmacy have been introduced into the practice of the Samarkand branch of the Republican Specialized Oncological and Radiological Scientific and Practical Medical Center of the Samarkand City Medical Association (Order of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated March 14, 2022, 8n-r / 265-No. and conclusion No. 8 n-z 180 of 2022). The implementation of the obtained research data allows developing methods for early diagnosis, treatment and prediction of organopathology by morphological parameters, improving the quality of life and reducing the number of complications.
The structure and scope of the dissertation. The structure of the dissertation consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion and a list of references. The volume of the dissertation was 103 pages.
In Korean linguistics, the study of auxiliary verbs, which began in the 1930s with the study of the traditional grammar of Choi Hyun Bye, is still the subject of continuous research. This article focuses on auxiliary verbs in Korean linguistics and the criteria for distinguishing them. It addresses issues such as the connection of auxiliary verbs to the main verb, and the complementary meaning of auxiliary verbs that gives the auxiliary verb to the main verb. Such features of the auxiliary verb as semantic and syntactic subordination to the main verb, aspect and modal meanings are investigated. It also explains the relationship of auxiliary verbs with subordinate forms and their use in combination with a main verb in a similar form.
Description of the semantics of the verb is a complicated process since the semantics of the verb is closely related to its distribution. In view of the foregoing, verbs are classified by the expression of directional movement and the presence or absence of subject/object, if there is one, by its quantity. In the Chinese language, there are verbs of motion that, besides movement, also express direction. These verbs can act as an independent verbal predicate or an appositive adjunct known as directive additional parts, a modifier or directional morpheme in a sentence. Verbs 来 [lái] “to come” and 去 [qù] “to go” are basic verbs of the direction of movement. Compound verb of the direction of movement is also formed by adding these verbs. If the action of the verb is getting closer to the speaker, 来 is used. If the action is moving away from the speaker, 去 is used. 来 [lái] “to come” is one of the basic verbs of the direction of movement. 来 [lái] is a polysemous word and it can act as notional or auxiliary verb in a sentence, as well as in the function of a syntactic word. The specificity of the semantics of the verb 来 [lái] lies in the fact that in addition to the orientation or direction of movement, it indicates the narrative clause, what information the speaker wants to emphasize. In this article, the verb properties of 来 [lái] are studied and ways to actualize their meanings in the Uzbek language are identified. The models 来 [lái] in the functions of the main and auxiliary verbs have been studied, as well as in the function of a syntactic word based on materials of the book by Lu Shusyan “现代汉语八百词吕 叔湘” (“800 words of modern Chinese”). The similarities and differences between the semantics of the verbs 来[lái] in Chinese and kelmoq in Uzbek are described.
The article discusses issues related to the ways of using verb synonyms. In particular, the range of issues related to the study of synonymy is wide. Interest in studying the ways of using verb synonyms is of interest from both practical and theoretical points of view. It has deep social roots and is closely related to the issues of the culture of speech, which cover not only the norms of the language, but also the skillful conscious selection of linguistic means, as well as their expedient use. The stylistic differentiation of the Persian language, the structural diversity of verbs opens up many opportunities for the development of various methods of using verb synonyms. In the development of various ways of using verb synonyms, not only the verb part of complex verbs, but also the nominal part participates. In addition, to give the statement different stylistic shades, various idiomatic verb phraseological units are used. The presence of a developed synonymy in the language is an indicator of the richness of the language. The functional value of synonyms is realized in speech. Therefore, when using synonyms, certain techniques are developed that help to reveal the individual signs of synonyms, emphasize their characteristic features, enhance or, conversely, reduce the strength of the expressed expression. On the other hand, the characteristic features of synonyms are diverse. This is due to the stylistic and emotional coloring, imagery, associativity. That is why the methods of using synonyms and their stylistic functions are of particular interest.
The purpose of the article is to emphasize the specific stylistic features of verb forms used in Persian language newspaper texts. The analysis examined the grammatical categories of verbs used mainly in newspaper texts, identified the most active and inactive grammatical categories, and identified the reasons for their activity. At the same time, the article analyses verbs used in newspaper texts and explains the methodological features of their use. Newspaper-journalistic style has specific features and the main task of the materials of this style is to report certain information to certain positions; thereby achieving the desired effect on the reader or listener. The content of the newspaper and informational messages is different in that here we are talking about events that are available for a broad understanding of the layers of non-specialists, directly or indirectly related to their lives and interests. From this point of view, this article is relevant in stylistic-functional aspects of the verb category.
This scientific article presents the pathomorphological specific changes in viral atypical pneumonia that develop in children with immunodeficiency. Histological examination of lung tissue in 36 patients with atypical pneumonia, carried out by autopsy in April-November 2020 at ROAC RUz. The results of the morphological study showed that, first, there are strong dicirculatory and hemorrhagic changes in the lung tissue, then pathomorphological changes in the pulmonary epithelium, if the process continues for a long time, the development of proliferative inflammation in the lungs. The proliferation of fibroblasts in the bronchi, blood vessels and interstitial tissue.
Доказано что в подавляющем большинстве случаев патологические процессы в полости рта особенно при вирусных инфекциях, как правило сопровождаются дисбиотическими изменениями в микрофлоре ротовой жидкости, что в свою очередь приводит к нарушению состояния показателя системы иммунитета. Микрофлора полости рта рассматривается как первичная мишень для любого фактора, который прямо или опосредованно влияет на адгезию и колонизационную резистентность резидентной, транзиторной и добавочной микрофлоры. Проблема лечения заболеваний слизистой оболочки полости рта у детей – это одна из актуальных задач практической стоматологии.